Umlando ngoqukethwe eNcwadini “uEzra” naseNcwadini “uNehemia”
uEzra noNehemiyaLezi zincwadi yileyo naleyo ibizwa ngothile exoxa ngaye. OEzra noNehemiya baziselwa iqhaza elibanzi okuthiwa balibamba ekuvuselelweni kwebandla lenkolo yobuJuda eJerusalema nakwelakwaJuda ngezikhathi ezisondele maphakathi nenkathi yeminyaka engamakhulu amahlanu ngaphambi kwenkathi esiphila kuyo [500 ph.Khr.], okwakuyiminyaka ecishe ehlanganise ikhulu [100] emva kokubuya ekudingisweni kwelaseBhabhiloni. Bobabili babekade bengahlali eJerusalema, babengabenzalo yemizi eyayikade ithunjiwe yadingiselwa kwelaseBhabhiloni, yathola izikhundla eziphambili phansi kombuso wasePhereshiya owawuphethe lapho ngalezo zikhathi. UEzra wayengumphristi engxenyeni yezwe eyayibizwa ngokuthi “yisiFundazwe iBhabhiloni” (uEzra 7,16), ehlonishwa kuthiwe “nguNobhala weMithetho yeNkosi yeZulu”. Ezincwadini zasemthethweni ngezikhathi zombuso wabasePhereshiya , isihlonipho esithi “iNkosi yeZulu” kwakungesoPhezukonke kaIzrayeli. “UNobhala” kwakuyisiphathimandla esiphakeme. UEzra ngalesi sikhundla sakhe wayelingana noyiNxusa eliphambili kwezeNkolo yabakwaIzrayeli kubaPhathi boMbuso wasePhereshiya eBhabhiloni. Unehemiya wayeyisiphathimandla kwabasondelene nombusi omkhulu wasePhereshiya, isikhundla sakhe sikomkhulu eSusa, kunguyena ophakela, afunze inkosi.
Ngokusho kweNcwadi “uEzra”, uEzra wafika kuqala kunoNehemiya eJerusalema. Kuthiwa-ke kwakusonyakeni wesikhombisa wombuso wenkosi yasePhereshiya uArthasasta, ogama lakhe laziwa ikakhulukazi ngendlela elalilotshwa ngayo ngolwesiGrikhi, kuthiwe nguArthaxerxesi. Bathathu-ke nokho ababusi ababebizwa ngalelo belandelana. Kusolakala sengathi uEzra wafika eJerusalema ngezikhathi sombuso kaArthaxerxesi wokuQala, owayaziwa futhi ngelikaLongimanusi [Artaxerxes I. Longimanus] (465-424 ph.Khr.) kanye neqembu labakwaJuda ngonyaka wamakhulu amane namashumi amahlanu nesishiyagalombili ngaphambi kwale nkathi esiphila kuyo [458 ph.Khr.] (Ez 7,6-10). Wayefiké ethunywé yinkosi yakwelasePhereshiya, ephethe incwadi yasemthethweni eyayifakazisa ngamagunya eyethweswé wona “yiNkosi yeZulu”. Ifundeka nanamuhla lokhu ngolwimi lwesiAramu eNcwadini “uEzra” (Ez 7,11-26). UEzra wayejutshwé ukubhekana nezenkolo eJerusalema. Wayenengiswa ikakhulukazi ukuganiselana nabezizwe okwasekuvamile ikakhulukazi kwabemi kahle emphakathini ababeganwa yizintombi zasezizweni zomakhelwane, okwakungenye yezindlela okuthiwa babezama ngazo ukuvuselela nokwandisa umphakathi eJerusalema.
KuNehemiya kwakwehlukile kulokho: Wezwa ngobucayi besimo eJerusalema ekomkhulu eSusa, lapho ayesebenza khona, ezwa ikakhulukazi nangokuthi uthango olwalukade lubiyele umuzi waseJerusalema lokhu lungakavuselelwa emva kokuba lwalukade ludilizwé kubhidlizwa umuzi ngempi, wasuka phansi enesifiso sokuyokwelekelela ekwakheni nasekuvusaneni. Leyo-ke ixoxwa nguye ezahlukweni zokuqala zeNcwadi yakhe [uNehemiya 1,1-7,5] engxenyeni eyaziwa ngokuthi “Okukhunjulwa nguNehemiya”. Wathi efika-nje eJerusalema, okuyoba sonyakeni wamakhulu amane namashumi amane nesihlanu ngaphambi kwale nkathi esiphila kuyo [445 ph.Khr], wagibela, wawuzungeza umuzi kusihlwa, ehlola umonakalo othangweni owawudinga ukulungiswa, okwasekuyoba umsebenzi ayeseyokwaziselwa wona njalo njalo. Umona nobunzima ahlangabezana nabo kulokho ixoxa ngakho kabanzi iNcwadi “uNehemiya”. Esahlukweni sesishiyagalombili kuya kweseshumi [Neh 8-10] unikeza uEzra ishashalazi elibanzi lapho uEzra asukuma khona kuhlangene umphakathi wonke waseJerusalema eSangweni lamaNzi, wema ohlakeni olwalwakhelwe lokho, wabafundela “umQulu woMthetho kaMosi” (okungashiwo-ke nokho ukuthi kwakuyiyona yiphi iNcwadi kulezo ayeyivulile), wabavumisa, wabafungisa ebabophelela ekuwugcineni uMthetho (Neh 8,1-8).
Akungabazeki ukuthi intshisekelo nokuzimisela koEzra noNehemiya kwayikhuthaza imizamo yokuvuselela iJerusalema nokululamisa umphakathi wabakwaJuda ngezikhathi zombuso wabasePhereshiya, wahluma kabusha umphakathi nokuphathwa kwawo, yahleleka kabusha nenqubo yenkonzo ethempelini. Ofundayo ivama ukumdida indlela oEzra noNehemiya ababika ngayo ngokwakwenzeka: Okwakwenzeka akubekwa ngokulandelana embikweni wabo; izingxoxo, nezibalo nezincwadi ezehlukene zididiyelwa zilandelaniswe ngendlela edinga ukuthi ofundayo azifuniselele yena ukuthi zihlobene noma zehlukene noma zilandelana kanjani. Ezisemqoka kwezihleleké ngokuqondakalayo yilezi: ukujutshwa kukaEzra [Ez 7,12-26; elotshwé ngolwesiAramu], yingxenye equkethe izincwadi okuqwagayiswana kuzo ngesidingo sokuvuselelwa komuzi waseJerusalema [Ez 4,8-6,18 elotshwé ngolwesiAramu] eziqukethe futhi “nesiLawulo sikaKhirusi” [Ez 6,3-5]. Ingxenye equkethe okwakukhunjulwa nguNehemiya [okubizwa futhi ngokuthi “nguMbiko kaNehemiya”, Neh 1,1-7,5) okujwayelekile ukuthi ifundwe ixhunyaniswe nezahluko zeshumi nanye kuya kweseshumi nantathu [Neh 11,1- + 12,27-13,31] nazo zihleleké ngokuqoqaqoqekile.
Okuqukethwe kungahleleka kanje:
uEzra
1 Imvume yenkosi yakwelasePhereshiya, uKhirusi, yokuthi ababekade bedingiselwe eBhabhiloni babuyele eJerusalema;
2 Uhlu lwababuyela eJerusalema;
3 Izaba zokuvuselela inkonzo nebandla emva kokubuya ekudingisweni: iziko leminikelo yokushiswa, umkhosi wamadokodo, ukubethelwa kwezikhonkwane nokugxunyekwa kwesiza sethempeli;
4 Izingxaki nobunzima ekwakhiweni kwethempeli nasekuvuseleleni uthango olubiyele iJerusalema;
5-6 Ukutholakala kwesiLawulo sikaKhirus esasikade sesaduka nokuqhutshwa kokwakhiwa kwethempeli ekuqaleni kwesikhathi sombuso wenkosi [yakwelasePhereshiya] uDariyusi wokuQala [Darius I]; ukucandulwa kwethempeli nomkhosi wephasika;
7-8 Ukufika kukaEzra eJerusalema; igunya ayethweswé lona;
9-10 Umkhuleko kaEzra wokuvuma izono nokucela intethelelo ngenxa yokuganiselana nabezizwe kanye nokukuchitha nokukwenqabela ukuganiselana ngokunjalo.
uNehemiya
1,1-7,5 “Okukhunjulwa nguNehemiya”; Uhambo lukaNehemiya eya eJerusalema nokufika kwakhe khona; Ukulungiselela nokufeza ukuvuselela uthango; ukuxazulula izingxaki nokunqoba izithikaziso eziningi;
7,6-72 wethula futhi uhlu lwababuya ekudingisweni [Ez 2,1-70] ngokunezinguquko;
8-10 ukufundwa koMqulu woMthetho nguEzra; umkhuleko womphakathi wonke wokuvuma izono nokucela intethelelo kanye nokufungiswa nokuboshelelwa kwesizwe;
11-13 uhlu lwezakhamizi eJerusalema nasekuzwe-lonke; uhlu lwabaphristi nabakwaLevi; ukwethulwa kothango olubiyele umuzi waseJerusalema, lwethulwa emphakathini nakoPhezukonke; okuthile ngoNehemiya.
Ofunda iziNcwadi “uEzra” neNcwadi “uNehemiya” uhlangabezana nengxoxo ezigcawugcawu, indidiyela-nje yezehlakalo nezigameko engahlelekile ngokuqondakalayo. Kodwa-ke kunjalo nje-ke ngisho naseziNcwadini “iKhronikhi”, nòma-ke zona zihleleké ngconywana.
Ofundayo usheshe abone ukuthi amazwi okugcina eNcwadi yesiBili “iKhronikhi” [2 Khr 36,22-] afana ncamashi nesambulo seNcwadi “uEzra” [Ze 1,1-3]. Lokho kwenza kusoleke sengathi iziNcwadi “uEzra/uNehemiya” ziyisiqhubekiso seziNcwadi “iKhronikhi” nokuthi zizonke-ke zingathathwa njengokuthi “zinguMqulu weKhronikhi [= kaNgxoxo-Nkathi]” njengoba sibonile kukhona okuthiwa “zinguMqulu woMlando ngokobuDutheronoma”. Nòma kunjalo, umahluko endleleni “uEzra/Nehemiya” abawethula ngawo umlando kunendlela iKhronikhi yona ewethula ngawo, usobala.
Sengathi kwahamba kanje: Izichitshana ezahlukahlukene ezisetshenziswé ekulobeni “uEzra/Nehemiya”, abalobi beKhronikhi bazibona zifanele ukusetshenziswa engxoxweni ewuqhubayo umlando wabakwaIzrayeli, iwedlulise esikhathini sokudingiswa kwelaseBhabhiloni, ize iyothinta ikakhulukazi ezabeni ezazanywa kanye nasemizamweni yonke yokuvuselela ithempeli nothangokazi eJerusalema – kanye nomshikashika kuzanywa ukuphemba kuthuthukiswe umphakathi ngokobuJuda eJerusalema. Ezahlukweni eziyisithupha zokuqala kuEzra [Ez 1-6] kuxoxwa ikakhulukazi ngokwakhiwa kwethempeli elalikade nokho laselakhiwa laqedwa ngezikhathi eziphambilini kusabusa inkosi yasePhereshiya uDariyu [515 ph.Khr.].
Ezahlukweni zesikhombisa kuya kweseshumi kuEzra [Ez 7-10] kubekwa uEzra esikhundleni – uEzra owazifikela eJerusalema sesikade sedlula lesi sikhathi okuxoxwa ngaso, wafika sekubusa inkosi yasePhereshiya uArthaxerxesi wokuQala [Artaxerxes I.]. Izinqumo nezibopho zakhe zokuqala kubikwa ngazo lapha; lapho-ke kwethulwa eNcwadini “uEzra” isahluko somlando esaziwayo, “okuKhunjulwa nguNehemiya” [Neh 1,1-7,5]. Ngokunjalo-ke esahlukweni sesishiyagalombili kuya kweseshumi kuNehemiya [Neh 8-10] kuqhutshwa ingxoxo ngokwakwenziwa nguEzra, esahlukweni seshumi nanye kuya kweseshumi nantathu kunohlu lwezibalo kanye nengxoxo ngokwakwenziwa nguNehemiya.
Yonke le mininingwane equkethwe eziNcwadini “uEzra/Nehemiya” ngokwakwenziwa nokwakwenzeka emva kwenkathi yokudingiselwa kwelaseBhabhiloni, abalobi beKhronikhi bayihlanganisa neyabo, baveza umqulu womlando okuthi ngokuphindaphinda kwawo okwaziwayo [kuthathelwa kuEzra 1,1-3] esiphethweni seNcwadi yabo yesiBili [2 Chr], bakha izibuko eliliwelisa kahle iso lofundayo. KuEzra/Nehemiya sihlangabezana nezaba zokuqala zokulotshwa kwalo mlando esiwuthola lapho nakuKhronikhi – izaba ezaziyincwadi eyayizimele ngokwayo, okwahamba kwahamba yaxhunywa neziNcwadi zeKhronikhi, kwavela umlando ngeJerusalema nelakwaJuda ofakazelwa yimibhalo kuze kubesenkathini yamakhulu amahlanu ngaphambi kwale nkathi esiphila kuyo [500 ph.Khr.].
Ukuxhunywa kweziNcwadi “uEzra/Nehemiya” neKhronikhi kwenziwé muva-nje – iKhronikhi iphethwé ngowamakhulu amathathu ngaphambi kwesikhathi esiphila kuso [300 ph.Khr.] ukubhalwa. Izingxenye eziningi kokulotshwé ngakho kuEzra/Nehemiya zindala kakhulu, ezinye zazo ngezangenkathi yamakhulu amahlanu ngaphambi kwale nkathi esiphila kuyo [500 ph.Khr.].
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Umtapo wolwazi: isahluko esithi „Die Bücher Esra und Nehemia“, encwadini „Die Schriften der Bibel. Entstehung und Botschaft“ elotshwé ngoSiegfried Herrmann noWalter Klaiber, yashiciselwa yiNhlangano yeBhaybheli yaseJalimane [Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft], eStuttgart ngowe-1996, ISBN 3-438-06207-0, kusukela ekhasini lamashumi ayisikhombisa nesishiyagalombili nane kuya kwelamashumi ayisishiyagalombili nesikhombisa [84-87]; sihunyushelwé esiZulwini nguBheni wakwaKhumalo eBaQulusini [Dr Ben Khumalo-Seegelken] eseViyweni leziKhuthali oBanjiswaneni lokuHumusha nokuBhala kabusha iBhaybheli ngesiZulu [Biblia Zuluensis] https://www.biblia-zuluensis.de/ ; >> uBanjiswano lokuKhuthaza ukuKhulunywa nokuBhalwa kwesiZulu eMphakathini