UNCWADI-NHLANU
eVlayhedeIzincwadi zonhlanu – oGenesisi, noEksodusi, noLevithikhusi, noNumeri kanye noDutheronoma – zithathwa enkolweni yobuJuda ngokuthi zimthimba munye; zibizwa ngokuthi ziyiThora (ngesiHebheru „torá“ = „umthetho“) ngenxa yokuthi ziqukethe imiyalelo nezinkokhelo okuthiwa zemukelwa nguMozi entabeni iSinayi ezamukelela isizwe sakubo kwaIzrayeli ukuze kuqiniseke ifindo phakathi kwaso noNkulunkulu.
Lo mqulu wezincwadi ezinhlanu wawugcinwa endlini yenkonzo (= eSinagogeni) esikhwanyaneni esisamphongolo emsamo; kuthi ke ngesabatha nangemikhosi ethile uhoshwe, kufundwe ishlukwana esithile, ubuye ubuyiselwe khona. Ngokulandelayo kuqhutshekwa lapho kwakugcinwe khona kuze kufikwe ekugcineni – njalo njalo ke minyaka yonke. Ngisho nanamuhla lokhu kuyisenzo esisemqoka enkonzweni ngokwenkolo yobuJuda ukuqhuba leli siko lokufunda „umthetho“ isahluko ngesahluko njalo uma kuhlangenwe.
Abantu benkolo yobuJuda nabenkolo yokuKhristu babamelele ekutheni uNcwadi-nhlanu lona walotshwa nguMozi ezama ukulandisa isizwe sakubo indaba enkulu yesintu njengofunisela nokuyiqonda kwakhe, isuka ekudalweni komhlaba kuze kube sekufikeni kwesizwe sakwaIzrayeli ezweni elalethenjiswé okhokho baso. Kulo mlando ke kukhona imilayelo nezinkokhelo abenkolo yobuJuda abazithatha ngokuthi zingumthetho owemukelwa entabeni iSinayi. Ngokombono wezazi kwezenkolo akunjalo:
UNcwadi-nhlanu lona singamqhathanisa nenqolobane yemithandazo nemilando nezintshumayelo namagugu ayelokhu eqoqwa edluliselwa phambili izizukulwane ngezizukulwane kwaze kwafika esikhathini sokuphila kukaMozi (13th century before Christ = B.C.). Ngisho nendlela nje uNkulnkulu abizwa ngayo ezingxenyeni ezahlukene zale nqolobane iyakhombisa ukuthi zavela ngezikhathi ezahlukene, zilandwa ngabantu abehlukene futhi abaphila nabakhonza ngokwehlukene nababhekene nezingxaki ezehlukene empilwen yabo neyesizwe sakubo.
Kunezigaba ezintathu zokwelamana kwezincwadi ezikule nqolobane kaNcwadi-nhlanu:
- Esokuqala sisibiza ngokuthi ngu-J (nguJahwe) ngenxa yokuvama
kokusetshenziswa kwebizo elithe „Jahwe“ uma kushiwo uNkulunkulu. Lesi sigaba sezincwadi sabhalwa phansi ngaphambi noma ngemuva konyaka ka-900 B.C. sibhalwa yingqapheli ethile kwezomlando eyayiyisazi futhi kwezenkolo. - Esesibili sisibiza ngokuthi ngu-E (nguElohim) ngenxa yokuvama kokusetshenziswa kwebizo elithi „Elohim“ uma kushiwo uNkulunkulu. Lesi sigaba sezincwadi sabhalwa phansi ngaphambi noma ngemuva konyaka ka-720 B.C.
- Esesithathu sisibiza ngokuthi ngu-P (ngabaPhristi). Lesi sigaba sezincwadi sabhalwa ngesikhathi sokudingiswa eBhabhiloni cishe ngonyaka ka-550 B.C. Les sigaba kubonwa sengathi sabhalwa ngababekhuthalele ukugcinwa kwenqubo ethile enkonzweni; yikho ke kuthiwa yisigaba sabaphristi nje.
Incwadi yesihlanu (ekaDutherenoma) ke yona izihambela nje yodwa; iyisigaba ngokwayo.
Akulula ke nokho ukuhlelisisa kahle ukuthi yiyiphi ingxenye evela kusiphi sigaba. Abalobi babengasophe kubhala ncwadi yamlando. Yilowo nalowo wayeqopha ngesikhathi ayephila kuso izigigaba ezithile naye ezwa bethi zenzeka, kokunke ke wayelondoloza ngombhalo wakhe ulwazi mayelana namasiko nemikhosi yesizwe eyaziwa nguwowonke, izingxoxo mayelana nabantu abathile abziswayo emphakathini ngenxa yezenzo zabo ezibalulekileyo emlandweni wesizwe sakubo kwaIzrayeli, izinkondlo namahubo okulila nawokwethaba, ulwazi mayelana nomlando wozalo nokuhlobana kwemindeni ethile, uhlu lwemithetho namasiko nezibopho mayelana nokujeziswa kwezaphulamthetho.
Yileso naleso sigaba sababhali sasibukeza sibhale kabusha imibhalo yesigaba esandulelayo. Kanjalo nemiyalelo yaseSinayi iyenazezelwa ihunyushwe kabusha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. LoNcwadi-nhlanu thina namuhla esimaziyo wachusha kuzo zonke lezi zigigaba waze wedlula ezandleni zomlolongi wokugcina esimbiza ngokuthi ngu-R (= redakteur/editor) okunguyena ke esemukela kuye le nqolobane yemibhalo. Inhloso yakhe kwakungukududuza, akhe isizwe sakubo kwaIzrayeli emva kokujivazeka ngokuthunjelwa eBhabhiloni (586 – 538 B.C.), ezama ukubakhombisa ukuthi uNkulunkulu lokhu kwathi nhlo unesineke nothando nesandla sokulunga esintwini sonke ikakhulukazi esizweni sakhe sakwaIzrayeli.
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